BackDual-use nature
"AI’s potential for both beneficial and harmful applications complicates efforts to manage its societal impacts effectively."(p. 12)
Entity: Who or what caused the harm
Intent: Whether the harm was intentional or accidental
Timing: Whether the risk is pre- or post-deployment
Other risks from Uuk et al. (2025) (60)
Control
7.1 AI pursuing its own goals in conflict with human goals or valuesAI systemIntentionalPost-deployment
Democracy
6.0 Socioeconomic & EnvironmentalOtherOtherOther
Discrimination
1.1 Unfair discrimination and misrepresentationOtherOtherPost-deployment
Economy
6.2 Increased inequality and decline in employment qualityOtherOtherPost-deployment
Environment
6.6 Environmental harmAI systemUnintentionalPost-deployment
Governance
6.5 Governance failureAI systemUnintentionalPost-deployment